AustralieFrV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 003046

Class II HLA interactions modulate genetic risk for multiple sclerosis

Identifieur interne : 003046 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 003045; suivant : 003047

Class II HLA interactions modulate genetic risk for multiple sclerosis

Auteurs : Loukas Moutsianas [Royaume-Uni] ; Luke Jostins [Royaume-Uni] ; Ashley H. Beecham [États-Unis] ; Alexander T. Dilthey [Royaume-Uni] ; Dionysia K. Xifara [Royaume-Uni] ; Maria Ban [Royaume-Uni] ; Tejas S. Shah [Royaume-Uni] ; Nikolaos A. Patsopoulos [États-Unis] ; Lars Alfredsson [Suède] ; Carl A. Anderson [Royaume-Uni] ; Katherine E. Attfield [Royaume-Uni] ; Sergio E. Baranzini [États-Unis] ; Jeffrey Barrett [Royaume-Uni] ; Thomas M C. Binder [Allemagne] ; David Booth [Australie] ; Dorothea Buck [Allemagne] ; Elisabeth G. Celius [Norvège] ; Chris Cotsapas [États-Unis] ; Sandra D Lfonso [Italie] ; Calliope A. Dendrou [Royaume-Uni] ; Peter Donnelly [Royaume-Uni] ; Bénédicte Dubois [Belgique] ; Bertrand Fontaine [France] ; Lars Fugger [Royaume-Uni] ; An Goris [Belgique] ; Pierre-Antoine Gourraud [États-Unis] ; Christiane Graetz [Allemagne] ; Bernhard Hemmer [Allemagne] ; Jan Hillert [Suède] ; Ingrid Kockum [Suède] ; Stephen Leslie [Australie] ; Christina M. Lill [Allemagne] ; Filippo Martinelli-Boneschi [Italie] ; Jorge R. Oksenberg [États-Unis] ; Tomas Olsson [Suède] ; Annette Oturai [Danemark] ; Janna Saarela [Finlande] ; Helle Bach S Ndergaard [Danemark] ; Anne Spurkland [Norvège] ; Bruce Taylor [Australie] ; Juliane Winkelmann [Allemagne, États-Unis] ; Frauke Zipp [Allemagne] ; Jonathan L. Haines [États-Unis] ; Margaret A. Pericak-Vance [États-Unis] ; Chris C A. Spencer [Royaume-Uni] ; Graeme Stewart [Australie] ; David A. Hafler [États-Unis] ; Adrian J. Ivinson [États-Unis] ; Hanne F. Harbo [Norvège] ; Stephen L. Hauser [États-Unis] ; Philip L. De Jager [États-Unis] ; Alastair Compston [Royaume-Uni] ; Jacob L. Mccauley [États-Unis] ; Stephen Sawcer [Royaume-Uni] ; Gil Mcvean [Royaume-Uni]

Source :

Nature genetics [ 1061-4036 ] ; 2015.

RBID : PMC:4874245

Descripteurs français

KwdFr :
- Allèles, Antigènes d'histocompatibilité de classe II (génétique), Antigènes d'histocompatibilité de classe II (immunologie), Humains, Polymorphisme de nucléotide simple, Prédisposition génétique à une maladie, Sclérose en plaques (génétique), Épistasie.
MESH :
- génétique : Antigènes d'histocompatibilité de classe II, Sclérose en plaques.
- immunologie : Antigènes d'histocompatibilité de classe II.
- Allèles, Humains, Polymorphisme de nucléotide simple, Prédisposition génétique à une maladie, Épistasie.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Alleles, Epistasis, Genetic, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Histocompatibility Antigens Class II (genetics), Histocompatibility Antigens Class II (immunology), Humans, Multiple Sclerosis (genetics), Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide.
MESH :
- chemical , genetics : Histocompatibility Antigens Class II.
- chemical , immunology : Histocompatibility Antigens Class II.
- genetics : Multiple Sclerosis.
- Alleles, Epistasis, Genetic, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide.

Abstract

Association studies have greatly refined the understanding of how variation within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes influences risk of multiple sclerosis. However, the extent to which major effects are modulated by interactions is poorly characterized. We analyzed high-density SNP data on 17,465 cases and 30,385 controls from 11 cohorts of European ancestry, in combination with imputation of classical HLA alleles, to build a high-resolution map of HLA genetic risk and assess the evidence for interactions involving classical HLA alleles. Among new and previously identified class II risk alleles (HLA-DRB1*15:01, HLA-DRB1*13:03, HLA-DRB1*03:01, HLA-DRB1*08:01 and HLA-DQB1*03:02) and class I protective alleles (HLA-A*02:01, HLA-B*44:02, HLA-B*38:01 and HLA-B*55:01), we find evidence for two interactions involving pairs of class II alleles: HLA-DQA1*01:01–HLA-DRB1*15:01 and HLA-DQB1*03:01–HLA-DQB1*03:02. We find no evidence for interactions between classical HLA alleles and non-HLA risk-associated variants and estimate a minimal effect of polygenic epistasis in modulating major risk alleles.

Url:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4874245

DOI: 10.1038/ng.3395
PubMed: 26343388
PubMed Central: 4874245

Affiliations:

Le document en format XML

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<author><name sortKey="Attfield, Katherine E" sort="Attfield, Katherine E" uniqKey="Attfield K" first="Katherine E" last="Attfield">Katherine E. Attfield</name>
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<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.</nlm:aff>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A17">Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.</nlm:aff>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="D Lfonso, Sandra" sort="D Lfonso, Sandra" uniqKey="D Lfonso S" first="Sandra" last="D Lfonso">Sandra D Lfonso</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Dendrou, Calliope A" sort="Dendrou, Calliope A" uniqKey="Dendrou C" first="Calliope A" last="Dendrou">Calliope A. Dendrou</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Fontaine, Bertrand" sort="Fontaine, Bertrand" uniqKey="Fontaine B" first="Bertrand" last="Fontaine">Bertrand Fontaine</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Fugger, Lars" sort="Fugger, Lars" uniqKey="Fugger L" first="Lars" last="Fugger">Lars Fugger</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goris, An" sort="Goris, An" uniqKey="Goris A" first="An" last="Goris">An Goris</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, KU Leuven, Leuven</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Leuven</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gourraud, Pierre Antoine" sort="Gourraud, Pierre Antoine" uniqKey="Gourraud P" first="Pierre-Antoine" last="Gourraud">Pierre-Antoine Gourraud</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, California, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Graetz, Christiane" sort="Graetz, Christiane" uniqKey="Graetz C" first="Christiane" last="Graetz">Christiane Graetz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A22">Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University–Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University–Medical Center, Mainz</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Rhénanie-Palatinat</region>
<settlement type="city">Mayence</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hemmer, Bernhard" sort="Hemmer, Bernhard" uniqKey="Hemmer B" first="Bernhard" last="Hemmer">Bernhard Hemmer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université technique de Munich</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A23">Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A24">German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS), Munich, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS), Munich</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hillert, Jan" sort="Hillert, Jan" uniqKey="Hillert J" first="Jan" last="Hillert">Jan Hillert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kockum, Ingrid" sort="Kockum, Ingrid" uniqKey="Kockum I" first="Ingrid" last="Kockum">Ingrid Kockum</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leslie, Stephen" sort="Leslie, Stephen" uniqKey="Leslie S" first="Stephen" last="Leslie">Stephen Leslie</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A27">Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Victoria</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A28">Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement>
<region type="état">Victoria (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lill, Christina M" sort="Lill, Christina M" uniqKey="Lill C" first="Christina M" last="Lill">Christina M. Lill</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A22">Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University–Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University–Medical Center, Mainz</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Rhénanie-Palatinat</region>
<settlement type="city">Mayence</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A29">Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lübeck</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Lübeck</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Lübeck</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martinelli Boneschi, Filippo" sort="Martinelli Boneschi, Filippo" uniqKey="Martinelli Boneschi F" first="Filippo" last="Martinelli-Boneschi">Filippo Martinelli-Boneschi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A30">Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Lombardie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Lombardie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oksenberg, Jorge R" sort="Oksenberg, Jorge R" uniqKey="Oksenberg J" first="Jorge R" last="Oksenberg">Jorge R. Oksenberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, California, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Olsson, Tomas" sort="Olsson, Tomas" uniqKey="Olsson T" first="Tomas" last="Olsson">Tomas Olsson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oturai, Annette" sort="Oturai, Annette" uniqKey="Oturai A" first="Annette" last="Oturai">Annette Oturai</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Saarela, Janna" sort="Saarela, Janna" uniqKey="Saarela J" first="Janna" last="Saarela">Janna Saarela</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A33">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="S Ndergaard, Helle Bach" sort="S Ndergaard, Helle Bach" uniqKey="S Ndergaard H" first="Helle Bach" last="S Ndergaard">Helle Bach S Ndergaard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spurkland, Anne" sort="Spurkland, Anne" uniqKey="Spurkland A" first="Anne" last="Spurkland">Anne Spurkland</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A34">Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taylor, Bruce" sort="Taylor, Bruce" uniqKey="Taylor B" first="Bruce" last="Taylor">Bruce Taylor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A35">Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tasmania</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Winkelmann, Juliane" sort="Winkelmann, Juliane" uniqKey="Winkelmann J" first="Juliane" last="Winkelmann">Juliane Winkelmann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université technique de Munich</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A23">Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A36">Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université technique de Munich</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A37">Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A38">Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zipp, Frauke" sort="Zipp, Frauke" uniqKey="Zipp F" first="Frauke" last="Zipp">Frauke Zipp</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A22">Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University–Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University–Medical Center, Mainz</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Rhénanie-Palatinat</region>
<settlement type="city">Mayence</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haines, Jonathan L" sort="Haines, Jonathan L" uniqKey="Haines J" first="Jonathan L" last="Haines">Jonathan L. Haines</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A39">Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pericak Vance, Margaret A" sort="Pericak Vance, Margaret A" uniqKey="Pericak Vance M" first="Margaret A" last="Pericak-Vance">Margaret A. Pericak-Vance</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spencer, Chris C A" sort="Spencer, Chris C A" uniqKey="Spencer C" first="Chris C A" last="Spencer">Chris C A. Spencer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stewart, Graeme" sort="Stewart, Graeme" uniqKey="Stewart G" first="Graeme" last="Stewart">Graeme Stewart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A13">Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hafler, David A" sort="Hafler, David A" uniqKey="Hafler D" first="David A" last="Hafler">David A. Hafler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A40">Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ivinson, Adrian J" sort="Ivinson, Adrian J" uniqKey="Ivinson A" first="Adrian J" last="Ivinson">Adrian J. Ivinson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A41">Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harbo, Hanne F" sort="Harbo, Hanne F" uniqKey="Harbo H" first="Hanne F" last="Harbo">Hanne F. Harbo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A42">University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Oslo, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hauser, Stephen L" sort="Hauser, Stephen L" uniqKey="Hauser S" first="Stephen L" last="Hauser">Stephen L. Hauser</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, California, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Jager, Philip L" sort="De Jager, Philip L" uniqKey="De Jager P" first="Philip L" last="De Jager">Philip L. De Jager</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A5">Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A7">Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ban, Maria" sort="Ban, Maria" uniqKey="Ban M" first="Maria" last="Ban">Maria Ban</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shah, Tejas S" sort="Shah, Tejas S" uniqKey="Shah T" first="Tejas S" last="Shah">Tejas S. Shah</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A7">Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Alfredsson, Lars" sort="Alfredsson, Lars" uniqKey="Alfredsson L" first="Lars" last="Alfredsson">Lars Alfredsson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A9">Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anderson, Carl A" sort="Anderson, Carl A" uniqKey="Anderson C" first="Carl A" last="Anderson">Carl A. Anderson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Attfield, Katherine E" sort="Attfield, Katherine E" uniqKey="Attfield K" first="Katherine E" last="Attfield">Katherine E. Attfield</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baranzini, Sergio E" sort="Baranzini, Sergio E" uniqKey="Baranzini S" first="Sergio E" last="Baranzini">Sergio E. Baranzini</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barrett, Jeffrey" sort="Barrett, Jeffrey" uniqKey="Barrett J" first="Jeffrey" last="Barrett">Jeffrey Barrett</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Binder, Thomas M C" sort="Binder, Thomas M C" uniqKey="Binder T" first="Thomas M C" last="Binder">Thomas M C. Binder</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>HLA Laboratory, Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Booth, David" sort="Booth, David" uniqKey="Booth D" first="David" last="Booth">David Booth</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buck, Dorothea" sort="Buck, Dorothea" uniqKey="Buck D" first="Dorothea" last="Buck">Dorothea Buck</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
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<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
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<orgName type="university">Université technique de Munich</orgName>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Celius, Elisabeth G" sort="Celius, Elisabeth G" uniqKey="Celius E" first="Elisabeth G" last="Celius">Elisabeth G. Celius</name>
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<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cotsapas, Chris" sort="Cotsapas, Chris" uniqKey="Cotsapas C" first="Chris" last="Cotsapas">Chris Cotsapas</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A17">Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="D Lfonso, Sandra" sort="D Lfonso, Sandra" uniqKey="D Lfonso S" first="Sandra" last="D Lfonso">Sandra D Lfonso</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dendrou, Calliope A" sort="Dendrou, Calliope A" uniqKey="Dendrou C" first="Calliope A" last="Dendrou">Calliope A. Dendrou</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donnelly, Peter" sort="Donnelly, Peter" uniqKey="Donnelly P" first="Peter" last="Donnelly">Peter Donnelly</name>
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<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dubois, Benedicte" sort="Dubois, Benedicte" uniqKey="Dubois B" first="Bénédicte" last="Dubois">Bénédicte Dubois</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, KU Leuven, Leuven</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fontaine, Bertrand" sort="Fontaine, Bertrand" uniqKey="Fontaine B" first="Bertrand" last="Fontaine">Bertrand Fontaine</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux and UMRS 1127-7225, Institut Cerveau Moelle Spinal Cord and Brain Institute, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fugger, Lars" sort="Fugger, Lars" uniqKey="Fugger L" first="Lars" last="Fugger">Lars Fugger</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A19">Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goris, An" sort="Goris, An" uniqKey="Goris A" first="An" last="Goris">An Goris</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, KU Leuven, Leuven</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Leuven</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gourraud, Pierre Antoine" sort="Gourraud, Pierre Antoine" uniqKey="Gourraud P" first="Pierre-Antoine" last="Gourraud">Pierre-Antoine Gourraud</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, California, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Graetz, Christiane" sort="Graetz, Christiane" uniqKey="Graetz C" first="Christiane" last="Graetz">Christiane Graetz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A22">Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University–Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University–Medical Center, Mainz</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Rhénanie-Palatinat</region>
<settlement type="city">Mayence</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hemmer, Bernhard" sort="Hemmer, Bernhard" uniqKey="Hemmer B" first="Bernhard" last="Hemmer">Bernhard Hemmer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université technique de Munich</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A23">Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A24">German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS), Munich, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS), Munich</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hillert, Jan" sort="Hillert, Jan" uniqKey="Hillert J" first="Jan" last="Hillert">Jan Hillert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kockum, Ingrid" sort="Kockum, Ingrid" uniqKey="Kockum I" first="Ingrid" last="Kockum">Ingrid Kockum</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leslie, Stephen" sort="Leslie, Stephen" uniqKey="Leslie S" first="Stephen" last="Leslie">Stephen Leslie</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A27">Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Victoria</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A28">Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement>
<region type="état">Victoria (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lill, Christina M" sort="Lill, Christina M" uniqKey="Lill C" first="Christina M" last="Lill">Christina M. Lill</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A22">Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University–Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University–Medical Center, Mainz</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Rhénanie-Palatinat</region>
<settlement type="city">Mayence</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A29">Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lübeck</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Lübeck</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Lübeck</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martinelli Boneschi, Filippo" sort="Martinelli Boneschi, Filippo" uniqKey="Martinelli Boneschi F" first="Filippo" last="Martinelli-Boneschi">Filippo Martinelli-Boneschi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A30">Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Genetics of Neurological Complex Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Lombardie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A31">Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Lombardie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oksenberg, Jorge R" sort="Oksenberg, Jorge R" uniqKey="Oksenberg J" first="Jorge R" last="Oksenberg">Jorge R. Oksenberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, California, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Olsson, Tomas" sort="Olsson, Tomas" uniqKey="Olsson T" first="Tomas" last="Olsson">Tomas Olsson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A25">Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oturai, Annette" sort="Oturai, Annette" uniqKey="Oturai A" first="Annette" last="Oturai">Annette Oturai</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Saarela, Janna" sort="Saarela, Janna" uniqKey="Saarela J" first="Janna" last="Saarela">Janna Saarela</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A33">Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="S Ndergaard, Helle Bach" sort="S Ndergaard, Helle Bach" uniqKey="S Ndergaard H" first="Helle Bach" last="S Ndergaard">Helle Bach S Ndergaard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A32">Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spurkland, Anne" sort="Spurkland, Anne" uniqKey="Spurkland A" first="Anne" last="Spurkland">Anne Spurkland</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A34">Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taylor, Bruce" sort="Taylor, Bruce" uniqKey="Taylor B" first="Bruce" last="Taylor">Bruce Taylor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A35">Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tasmania</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Winkelmann, Juliane" sort="Winkelmann, Juliane" uniqKey="Winkelmann J" first="Juliane" last="Winkelmann">Juliane Winkelmann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A14">Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université technique de Munich</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A23">Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A36">Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut für Humangenetik, Technische Universität München, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université technique de Munich</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A37">Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut für Humangenetik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region>
<settlement type="city">Munich</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A38">Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zipp, Frauke" sort="Zipp, Frauke" uniqKey="Zipp F" first="Frauke" last="Zipp">Frauke Zipp</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A22">Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University–Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University–Medical Center, Mainz</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Rhénanie-Palatinat</region>
<settlement type="city">Mayence</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haines, Jonathan L" sort="Haines, Jonathan L" uniqKey="Haines J" first="Jonathan L" last="Haines">Jonathan L. Haines</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A39">Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pericak Vance, Margaret A" sort="Pericak Vance, Margaret A" uniqKey="Pericak Vance M" first="Margaret A" last="Pericak-Vance">Margaret A. Pericak-Vance</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Floride</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spencer, Chris C A" sort="Spencer, Chris C A" uniqKey="Spencer C" first="Chris C A" last="Spencer">Chris C A. Spencer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1">Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stewart, Graeme" sort="Stewart, Graeme" uniqKey="Stewart G" first="Graeme" last="Stewart">Graeme Stewart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A13">Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hafler, David A" sort="Hafler, David A" uniqKey="Hafler D" first="David A" last="Hafler">David A. Hafler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A16">Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A40">Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ivinson, Adrian J" sort="Ivinson, Adrian J" uniqKey="Ivinson A" first="Adrian J" last="Ivinson">Adrian J. Ivinson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A41">Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harbo, Hanne F" sort="Harbo, Hanne F" uniqKey="Harbo H" first="Hanne F" last="Harbo">Hanne F. Harbo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A42">University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Oslo, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hauser, Stephen L" sort="Hauser, Stephen L" uniqKey="Hauser S" first="Stephen L" last="Hauser">Stephen L. Hauser</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A11">Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, California, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Jager, Philip L" sort="De Jager, Philip L" uniqKey="De Jager P" first="Philip L" last="De Jager">Philip L. De Jager</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A5">Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A6">Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
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<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A7">Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
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<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A8">Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.</nlm:aff>
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<wicri:regionArea>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Compston, Alastair" sort="Compston, Alastair" uniqKey="Compston A" first="Alastair" last="Compston">Alastair Compston</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Mccauley, Jacob L" sort="Mccauley, Jacob L" uniqKey="Mccauley J" first="Jacob L" last="Mccauley">Jacob L. Mccauley</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Sawcer, Stephen" sort="Sawcer, Stephen" uniqKey="Sawcer S" first="Stephen" last="Sawcer">Stephen Sawcer</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Mcvean, Gil" sort="Mcvean, Gil" uniqKey="Mcvean G" first="Gil" last="Mcvean">Gil Mcvean</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
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<series><title level="j">Nature genetics</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1061-4036</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1546-1718</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015">2015</date>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Alleles</term>
<term>Epistasis, Genetic</term>
<term>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</term>
<term>Histocompatibility Antigens Class II (genetics)</term>
<term>Histocompatibility Antigens Class II (immunology)</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Multiple Sclerosis (genetics)</term>
<term>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Allèles</term>
<term>Antigènes d'histocompatibilité de classe II (génétique)</term>
<term>Antigènes d'histocompatibilité de classe II (immunologie)</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Polymorphisme de nucléotide simple</term>
<term>Prédisposition génétique à une maladie</term>
<term>Sclérose en plaques (génétique)</term>
<term>Épistasie</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Histocompatibility Antigens Class II</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Histocompatibility Antigens Class II</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Multiple Sclerosis</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antigènes d'histocompatibilité de classe II</term>
<term>Sclérose en plaques</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antigènes d'histocompatibilité de classe II</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Alleles</term>
<term>Epistasis, Genetic</term>
<term>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Allèles</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Polymorphisme de nucléotide simple</term>
<term>Prédisposition génétique à une maladie</term>
<term>Épistasie</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P2">Association studies have greatly refined the understanding of how variation within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes influences risk of multiple sclerosis. However, the extent to which major effects are modulated by interactions is poorly characterized. We analyzed high-density SNP data on 17,465 cases and 30,385 controls from 11 cohorts of European ancestry, in combination with imputation of classical HLA alleles, to build a high-resolution map of HLA genetic risk and assess the evidence for interactions involving classical HLA alleles. Among new and previously identified class II risk alleles (HLA-DRB1*15:01, HLA-DRB1*13:03, HLA-DRB1*03:01, HLA-DRB1*08:01 and HLA-DQB1*03:02) and class I protective alleles (HLA-A*02:01, HLA-B*44:02, HLA-B*38:01 and HLA-B*55:01), we find evidence for two interactions involving pairs of class II alleles: HLA-DQA1*01:01–HLA-DRB1*15:01 and HLA-DQB1*03:01–HLA-DQB1*03:02. We find no evidence for interactions between classical HLA alleles and non-HLA risk-associated variants and estimate a minimal effect of polygenic epistasis in modulating major risk alleles.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
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Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie

Class II HLA interactions modulate genetic risk for multiple sclerosis

Class II HLA interactions modulate genetic risk for multiple sclerosis

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